Study on the driving factors and forming mechanism of the willingness for primary doctors to make initial diagnosis / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective@#Based on the KAP and Prospect theory, to explore, construct and verify the theoretical model and formation mechanism of driving factors of primary care doctors′ willingness to carry out the primary diagnosis.@*Methods@#Using the random cluster sampling method, from April to May 2019, a questionnaire survey was conducted among doctors at 20 primary medical and health service institutions in Hangzhou. The survey covered the primary care doctors′ cognition level of primary diagnosis, their self-evaluation of primary medical care capabilities, evaluation of policies and systems, expectation of primary medical care, and their job satisfaction. Descriptive statistic, multiple linear regression and structural equation model were used to analyze and explore the driving factors and formation mechanism of their willingness to carry out the primary diagnosis.@*Results@#Primary care doctors′ willingness rate for primary diagnosis was 76.4%(308/403). Positive expectation(beta=0.309), cognition level(beta=0.216), evaluation of policies and systems(beta=0.184), and self-evaluation of primary diagnosis capability(beta=0.170), all of which directly affect the said willingness. The total effect of the five types of driving factors on the willingness of the primary diagnosis was as follows: cognitive level of the primary diagnosis(0.536), evaluation of the policy system(0.494), self-evaluation of the primary diagnosis capability(0.436), positive expectations of the primary diagnosis work(0.186), job satisfaction(0.146).@*Conclusions@#The cognition of the primary diagnosis, the capability of the primary diagnosis, the policy system and the positive expectation are the important premises, key driving forces, and a strong guarantee and motivation to drive primary care doctors to carry out the primary diagnosis. It is suggested that the government and medical institutions should further improve the cognition level of primary care doctors, focusing on systematically improving the service capability of primary care doctors′ primary consultation, coordinating to improve policy guidance measures such as financial input, medical insurance reimbursement and referral system, establishing and improving incentive measures such as career development, performance appraisal, salary and welfare of primary care doctors.

Discussion on primary closed-loop management mode of chronic diseases in Ningxia / 中华医院管理杂志

The pre-during-post hospital closed-loop management of chronic diseases is an efficient way to upgrade the current chronic disease management level. The authors described the feasibility, what to build and imperative problems in implementing such a closed-loop management in primary level in Ningxia. The introduction focused on the construction of a chronic disease management path for multiple diseases, the implementation of a closed-loop management model for chronic diseases based on the " three in one model(specialist-family physician-health manager)" , the promotion of primary physician training and standardization management level, as well as the establishment of a community-centered three-level prevention and treatment system for chronic diseases. These efforts aim at promotion of chronic disease management outcomes, elevation of patients′ health and quality of life, and minimization of people′s economic burden.

Evaluación de la calidad de la atención al adulto mayor en el primer nivel de salud / Evaluation of quality of care for the elderly in primary health care

Introducción: El envejecimiento poblacional constituye un problema demográfico y social a nivel mundial, del que Cuba no está exenta. El sistema de salud cubano tiene como objetivo incrementar los niveles de salud, la calidad de los servicios y la satisfacción de la población y sus prestadores. Cuba posee el 19,8 por ciento de la población de 60 y más años, cifra con tendencia al aumento en los años futuros, la que demanda incremento en los servicios de salud de calidad, por lo que evaluar la atención que se presta constituye una necesidad en el nivel primario. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad del proceso de atención que se brinda a las personas mayores en unidades del primer nivel de salud. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación en sistemas y servicios de salud, cuya información se obtuvo mediante formularios validados en Consultorios de Médicos de la Familia y Grupos Básicos de Trabajo, como fuente de información se empleó la historia clínica de cada paciente. Resultados: La calidad de la atención en los Consultorios de Médicos de la Familia y Grupos Básicos de Trabajo mostró insuficiencias de acuerdo con los estándares establecidos, lo que evidencia la poca prioridad que se le presta a la atención del adulto mayor en el primer nivel de salud. Conclusiones: La calidad de la atención al adulto mayor en los Consultorios de Médicos de la Familia y Grupos Básicos de Trabajo evaluados mostró incumplimientos de acuerdo a lo establecido(AU)

Introduction: Population aging is a demographic and social problem worldwide, and Cuba is not an exception. The objective of the Cuban health system is to increase health levels, the quality of services and the satisfaction of the population and its providers. Cuba has 19.8 por ciento of its population at age 60 and over, a figure with a tendency to increase in future years, which demands an increase in quality health services, a reason why evaluating the care provided is a necessity at the primary level. Objective: To evaluate the quality of the care process provided to the elderly in units of the first level of health. Methods: An investigation was carried out in health systems and services, whose information was obtained through forms validated in family doctor's offices and basic work groups, as a source of information the clinical history of each patient was used. Results: The quality of care in family doctor's offices and basic work groups showed insufficiencies according to the established standards, which shows the low priority that is given to the care of the elderly in the first level of healthcare. Conclusions: The quality of care for the elderly in the family doctor's offices and basic work groups evaluated showed non-compliance according to what was established(AU)

The Effect of Primary Levels and Frequencies on the Contralateral Suppression of Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Changes in distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) caused by contralateral suppression (CS) allow the function of the auditory efferent system to be evaluated. Parameters affording maximum CS are preferred in terms of clinical application. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of primary levels and frequencies on DPOAE-mediated CS. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sixteen subjects with normal hearing participated. DPOAEs were recorded with and without contralateral acoustic stimulation; we delivered broadband noise of 65 dB SPL at f2 frequencies between 1,000 Hz and 6,727 Hz, at 8 pt/octave. The L2 was varied between 40 dB SPL and 80 dB SPL in 10-dB steps. RESULTS: L2 did not significantly affect DPOAE-mediated CS. Higher L2 levels significantly reduced the fine structure depth of both the baseline and suppressed DPOAE datasets. The amount of CS was greatly affected by the f2 frequency; lower and higher frequency ranges afforded significantly stronger suppression than did mid-frequencies within the studied range. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that DPOAE CS should be measured over a wide range of frequencies as the amount of CS seems to be highly dependent on f2. The use of a higher L2 level may be optimal when it is sought to evoke strong DPOAE-mediated suppression while simultaneously minimizing DPOAE fine structure. Our findings may assist in optimization of clinical procedures evaluating the integrity of the auditory efferent system.

Exploration and practice of teaching reform in training of doctors in hospitals at primary level / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Intensifying the continuing education of doctors in hospitals at primary level is one of the important measures for increasing their specialized skills and improving the condition of primary care.In recent years,following the trend of national medical reform,the Fourth Military Medical University (FMMU) has made full use of its advantages to provide training for civilian doctors in hospitals at primary level.In the training,with the reform measures of ‘ four focuses' and ‘ five combinations',FMMU actively advanced teaching reform to make innovations in curriculum system and teaching methods,which was approved by teachers and students.These measures were very effective,which in turn greatly enhanced the ability of the doctors and training quality.This practice obviously pushed forward development of primary-level medical and health-care service in Shanxi province.

Prevalencia por diagnóstico inmunológico de Candida spp, Trichomonas vaginalis y Gardnerella vaginalis en mujeres embarazadas a nivel primario del sistema de salud / Prevalence by immunologic diagnosis of Candida spp, Trichomonas vaginalis and Vardnerella vaginalis in pragnants at primary level of health system

OBJETIVO: determinar la prevalencia de Candida spp, Trichomonas vaginalis y Gardnerella vaginalis en la población de mujeres embarazadas de cuatro áreas primarias de salud de la provincia La Habana a través de un método inmunológico con partículas de látex, FemPure. MÉTODOS: se tomaron muestras de exudado vaginal a todas las mujeres embarazadas con o sin síntomas de vaginitis en los consultorios especializados de Obstetricia de cuatro áreas primarias de salud de la provincia La Habana con o sin síntomas de vaginitis a través de un método inmunológicocon partículas de látex. Se siguió la metodología planteada por el instructivo técnico del fabricante y a los 3 min de iniciada la reacción se leyeron los resultados. RESULTADOS: los intervalos de confianza (95 %) observados fueron para Candida spp de 21,9 a 29,2 %, para Trichomonas vaginalis de 14,5 a 20,9 % y para Gardnerella vaginalis de 22,10 a 29,40 %, 56,72 % de las muestras fueron negativas y 1,81 % dieron reacción al control negativo clasificándose como inespecíficas. Además 18,26 % de las muestras dieron positivas a más de un germen incluyendo a 26 que dieron positivas a los tres microorganismos. Hubo diferencias (p<0,0001) entre las prevalencias de los tres gérmenes en las diferentes localidades siendo lo más llamativo que la candidiasis fue más del doble en Güines que en Santa Cruz y Jaruco. CONCLUSIONES: con este diagnosticador que cumple con los requisitos de sencillez, objetividad y rapidez se pudo, a nivel primario de salud, estudiar a gran número de embarazadas e indicar el mismo día de la consulta el tratamiento etiológico para cada caso, lo cual benefició a estas mujeres y contribuyó a evitar las complicaciones de la vaginitis infecciosa

OBJECTIVE: to determine the prevalence of Candida ssp, Trichomonas vaginalis and Gardnerella vaginalis in pregnant women from four primary health areas of La Habana province using a immunologic method with particles of FemPure latex. METHODS: we took samples of vaginal exudates in all pregnant women with or without vaginitis seen in specialized Obstetrics consulting rooms from four health primary areas of La Habana province with or without vaginitis using the above mentioned method. Methodology proposes by manufacturer technical instructor and at three minutes of started the reaction results were read. RESULTS: confidence intervals (95 percent) observed were: for Candida ssp of 21.9 to 29.2 percent, for Trichomonas vaginalis of 14.5 to 20,9 percent and for Gardnerella vaginalis of 22.10 to 29.40 percent. The 56.72 percent of samples were negative and the 1.81 percent were reactive to negative control classifying as non-specific. Also, the 18.26 percent of samples were positive to more than germ including 26 positives to the three microorganisms. There were differences (p 0.0001) among the prevalences of the three germs in distinct localities where candidiasis was twice more in G³ines municipality than in Santa Cruz and Jaruco municipalities. CONCLUSIONS: using this diagnostic method fulfilling the simplicity, objectivity and speed criteria, at primary health level, it was possible to study more pregnants and at same day to suggest the etiologic treatment to each case for the good of these women contributing to avoid the infectious vaginitis complications

Survey and Perspectives on the Problems Existing in the Primary Level Medical Institution in Implementing Prescription Administrative Policy / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE: To facilitate the implementation of Prescription Administrative Policy ( "Policy" for short), and provide basis for Medical Administrative Departments to perfect prescription management. METHODS: 218 questionnaires collected from medical staffs in 14 primary level hospitals were subjected to an aggregate analysis in respect of their cognition on the "Policy" , prescription standards and the enforcement condition of the "Policy" . RESULTS: Of the 218 medical staff, 36.7% had the knowledge on prescription standards in "Policy" , 35.78% had the knowledge of generic names of the prescribed medicines. Among the 14 primary level medical institutions, only 36.36% used the standard emergency prescriptions and paediatric prescriptions, and 47.76% kept samples of doctors' signatures. CONCLUSIONS: The "Policy" was poorly implemented in the primary level medical institution. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the education and training of the medical staff, meanwhile the Medical Administrative Departments should strengthen their administrative leadership and guidance, and put forward the relevant policy and bylaws aimed at the confusions existing with the medical institutes so as to facilitate a better implementation of the Policy.

Pretest of the Primary-Level Personnel Guiding Handbook for Schistosomiasis Control (probationary edition) / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To test the scientificity, practicability, feasibility, intelligibility, and acceptability of the Primary-Level Personnel Guiding Handbook for Schistosomiasis Control(probationary edition). Methods Twenty-seven county and village doctors were selected randomly from two schistosomiasis transmission uncontrolled counties in Jiangxi Province as pretest objects. The pretest was carried out with the focus group discussion. Results The proportions of pretest objects who considered handbook had scientificity, practicability, feasibility, intelligibility and acceptability were 59.26%, 85.19%,55.56%,51.85% and 92.59%, respectively, and the pretest objects had proposals and suggestions for modification. Conclusion According to the suggestion and proposal from the pretest objects, the handbook can be modified and published.

Status Quo and Suggestions on Pharmaceutical Administration in Primary Level Medical Institutions / 中国药房

OBJECTI VE:To arouse the attention of pri marylevel medical institutions to the pharmaceutical administrationwork.METHODS:Rational proposals and strategies ai med at the problems were put forward by investigation the status quo ofthe pharmaceutical administrationinthe pri marylevel medical institutions.RESULTS &CONCLUSIONS:Policies andlaws ®ulations should be strengthenedin the pri mary level medical institutions so as to i mprove their cognition on pharmaceuticaladministration ; hardware facilities should be i mproved so as to establish a favorable hospital i mage ; Supervision should bestrengthened to facilitate the launching of pharmaceutical administration extensively ;‘People -centered’approach should beemphasized and fully attention should be given to the culture of talents.